Globalization Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 14

Globalization - Essay Example s affected by it; in fact, it can be said that it undermines state sovereignty because decisions that are made have to consider their impact on international affairs (Shimko 192). An example of this is oil-exporting countries that heavily depend on the income from this product to fund their national budgets. If these countries were to act in a way which displeases the international community, then they would be forced to abandon such decisions through the placing of sanctions on their exports. Moreover, because of globalization, many countries have interests in other countries; therefore, to protect these interests, it has become necessary for the powerful to meddle in the political affairs of the weaker ones (Yang170). This has not only made the latter countries lose their sovereignty, but it has also encouraged their overdependence on more developed nations for economic aid. Cultural diversity loosely refers to the variety and differences in race, ethnicity, and class that are present in a society, state, or the world. Different races have diverse cultures or customs; for  example, in a  traditional  Mexican  wedding; there is a  distinct  ceremony  where  a rosary  or  white  rope  is wound around  the  bride  and  groom  to form a number eight.  Languages, cuisine and mode of dressing are also part of cultural diversity notwithstanding the conformity to everyday way of living by people of a certain society (Mueller 71). History profoundly determines these aspects, but they are mostly affected by the environment. This implies the people who develop the cultural resources and control access to the culture itself. While trying to achieve globalization, cultural diversity has developed since the core idea behind it is ‘speaking a common language’. This is because globalization includes transformation of a s patial organization, which in turn means wide-ranging institutional reform institutions formed with a large influence from culture. Many argue that

Women in the Media in Kuwait Essay Example for Free

Women in the Media in Kuwait Essay Kuwait is a Middle Eastern country boarded on the east by the Arabian Gulf and slot in between Iraq and Saudi Arabia on the south and west. Kuwait became a fully independent country since 1961. Kuwait was the first Arab country in the Gulf to have an elected parliament. Women were not allowed to vote or elect or stand as candidates in the elections until 1999, when Shaikh Jaber Al Ahmed Al Sabah issued a decree giving women their political rights but it was defeated in the National Assembly. Finally, in 2005 Kuwaiti parliament gave women their fully political rights. In pre-oil, Kuwaiti women were forbidden from going to schools and usually were allowed only to recite Quran at (Al Mutawa’a) house. The merchant classes were the first to educate their daughters to extend their families’ power. After the new oil economy stage, women started to participate in the society to change stereotypes and traditional role. In addition they started to deal with the positive changes on lifestyle and contributed in the development of Kuwait society. Without any doubt, when women in Kuwait were granted the right for education by law, their life started to change and became part of the workforce. Education gave women the power to claim for their rights by the efforts of other women who were working in media sectors. Kuwaiti women in media highlighted and raised their problems and demands through TV and Radio programs, articles published in the newspapers, TV drama and plays on the theatre stage. Media was the most effective field that women made progress and gained power to achieve their goals. Media is a broad term that includes mass and social media; mass media is the means of transmitting messages to broad audiences. It includes television, radio, newspaper, magazines, books and so forth. Social media are the means of connecting and interacting actively it includes cell phones, e-mails, PTA and the web. Media in Kuwait includes news, newspapers, television, radio, journals, news services, press abstracts, publishing and bookseller associations. Kuwaiti women made a good contribution in the media because Kuwait has the most vocal and transparent media among Arab countries also well known in the freedom of press. The government funds some of the newspapers and satellite channels and owned Kuwait news agency (KUNA). I 2009, Kuwait had fifteen newspapers companies besides the English newspapers; Arab times, and Kuwait times. The Kuwaiti law controls media to forbid insulting religion references related to God, Islam, and Profit Mohammed (PBUH). Moreover, another law was made to forbid anybody from criticizing the ruling family in specific the Emir. In order to join media a person has to stick to the pervious laws concerning religion and the Emir otherwise he/she will be eligible for fines or send to the jail. Under the Press and Publication Law, the government suspended some of the local newspapers for violating this law for example; Al-Anba’a was suspended for five days for publishing an article about separating between the positions of crown prince from prime minister. Women respected both laws in media especially in the press. In the old days rarely women were encourage to join media in Kuwait because it is an Islamic country and women were preferred to stay home. Some women were very lucky because they have been married to an open-minded educated husbands and made positive impact on the women who had joined Kuwaiti media and became stars of Kuwaiti society. It was noticeable that Kuwaiti women in the media were attacked by some Islamic groups. Kuwaiti women who wear the hijab didn’t dare to study any subject related to media. Studies and social research proved the impact of media messages on the individual behavior and collective beside their power on the political decision. Women started media in Kuwait through television, radio, the press and other means; the famous publication was through T.  V. Kuwait T. V. began to broadcast at the earliest sixties in black and white, the building was closed to the Dsman Palace. The first Kuwaiti woman who entered the media on Kuwaiti television in 1961 was Fatima Hussein, followed by a number of announcers such as Nouria Al-Sdani, Anissa Jafar who was known as â€Å"Mama Anissa†. Other active women in Kuwait radio were; Amina Al-Ansari, Iqbal Al-Gharaballi and Amal Al-Abdullah who later turned to the T. V. activities, the previous names were the first generation of female announcers in Kuwait T. V. and radio. One of the most famous announcers in Kuwait T.  V. and radio is Fatimah Hussein. Fatimah Hussein Al-Essa Al-Qanaie, born in Kuwait 1937, completed her Secondary School Education in Kuwait and was granted a scholarship by Government to study abroad in the University. She was the first woman who was allowed to study out of Kuwait at Cairo University, College of Arts, and Journalism Department 1956-1960. After graduation she was married in 1960 to Suliman Al Mutawa and accompanied him to the USA for his Master Degree. She did not waste her time and decided to study English at the Community Services Department of Columbia University. She started to practice broadcasting in New York, with the Voice of America Radio, where she prepared and presented messages to Radio Kuwait, under the theme name â€Å"Journal of a Kuwaiti Lady in New York†. Radio Kuwait awarded her efforts and offered her another scholarship to study the art of Broadcasting in the University of New York and she managed to take several courses in the Art in the Art of Broadcasting. After she returned to Kuwait and started to work at Radio Kuwait she prepared he own daily program about woman and the family for 15 minutes. She became a media woman with the programs she prepared on the family issues. Kuwaiti Journalist women were the less in media sector due to the nature of work and the difficult circumstances. Hidaya Sultan Al-Salem was the owner and editor of the weekly al-Majales. She was supposed to be honored for her contributions and articles but instead she was murdered on 20 March at her 66 years old. She was famous and active journalist when she was killed on her way to work. A Kuwaiti military man was following her and in the middle of the street he opened fire on her chauffeur-driven car in Kuwait City. The killer confessed that he took revenge and killed Hidaya because of her article about the girls of his ribe Al Awazem. Moreover, Kuwaiti women made significant contributions in TV drama and were famous in Gulf and Arab countries. Also, they made influential contribution in Kuwaiti movie (Bas Ya Bahar), which presented the old Kuwaiti life when they were diving for pearls and traveled six months away from their homes. In this movie Hayat Al Fahad expressed the life of Kuwaiti women at that time. More contributions of Kuwaiti women in media were developed by Dr. Suad Al Sabah; one of the ruling family members in Kuwait. She was graduated from the Faculty of Economics and Political Sciences at Cairo University in 1973. In 1981 obtained PhD in economics from Guilford University (UK). She established Suad Al Sabah Publishing and Distribution House. She writes poetry that was published in several books. Another famous flag does not need any introduction, who does not know Mama Anissa? More than 45 years she was introducing and preparing programs for children in Kuwait. Her programs attracted children beside adults and brought happiness to the children who participated from all over Kuwait. She approached the childhood world and became the mother of all Kuwaits children. Conclusion  Kuwait, which is located in the north west of the Arabian Gulf generally, divided into two different periods: pre-oil and after the discovery of oil. In the pre-oil period Kuwait society was controlled by male only while women were not involved in any work except house working and did not attend schools for education, they were reciting Quran at (Mutawa) house. Kuwaiti women had very hard life , they were not involved in the public life and were forbidden from education. The first who made changes in women life were the merchant families when they sent their daughters to schools. Education was the spark that lightened women life. After oil, the government realized that education is necessary to make the progress and development. Women claimed for their rights and struggled until they were able to elect, vote and nominate in 2005. They fought for their freedom by different means. Kuwaiti women who were involved in Media encouraged women to claim for their rights. Women in media have a powerful role in the social and political life. Some of these women joined Kuwaiti TV such as Fatima Hussain who was famous for the family program, Mama Anisa who was famous for Children programs, Amina Al Sharrah, Mona Taleb who were from the irst generation of media women. Other women became journalist such as Hidaya Alsalem who was murdered because of her politics view and articles. Moreover, Kuwaiti women developed the drama, poetry and movies to express their demands. I believe that Kuwaiti women deserve to be honored for their will to win, as they did not slender to the cruelty of traditions and custom. Even though they have paid their life for the sake of their beliefs and courage but at the end they made progress and moved on to share with men all aspects of life and cancel the discriminations between men and women.

LICORICE :: essays research papers

LICORICE There are several varieties of the herb, Licorice. Its name is derived from the two Greek words meaning ‘sweet’ and ‘root’. It is one of the oldest and best-known remedies for coughs and chest complaints. The knowledge and use of it dates back to the time of the early days of Egyptian civilisation. The Hindus, Greeks, Romans, Babylonians, and Chinese all knew about the values of Licorice. It is an enduring herb, which grows in most moderate countries. It varies from about two to five feet high, with long, smooth green leaves and yellowish white or purplish flowers. The root is light brown with a very sweet taste; fifty times the sweetness of cane sugar. It is an ointment, a cough mixture, and a laxative. Its roots penetrate deeply into the ground and contain an abundance of valuable properties. It is indigenous of Greece, Asia Minor, Spain, Southern Italy, Syria, Iraq, Caucasian and Transcaspian Russia, Northern China, Persia and North Africa. Tons of Licorice are used by all countries today for foods, medicines, beverages, and many confections, etc. The United States imports about fifty million pounds of Licorice root and about half that amount of liquid extract yearly. The root comes mainly from Iraq, Turkey, Russia, Syria, Italy, and British East Africa. The liquid extract is imported mostly from Spain. Some of the Licorice extract entering the United States is used by the drug industries and made into various medications because of its demulcent and expectorant properties. The root, which is made into a powder, is often used in the preparation of pills. The extract has almost the powder as a remedial agent. Much of the Licorice supply is used by the tobacco industry as a conditioning and flavouring agent. It is also used by the confectionery industry as a base for a wide variety of candies. The residual material after extraction is used as a stabiliser in the production of foam fire extinguishers and as a fertiliser for mushrooms. The Chinese herbalists regard Licorice as a healing agent either by itself or as an ingredient in various herbal formulas. It is also used to flavour beer or ale, ice creams, and as Licorice water, which is a blood purifier. Licorice water was a popular drink in Egypt during the ancient days. The youthful Pharaoh Tutankhamen was buried with a supply of Licorice root to help him on his last long journey. It was a very therapeutic sweet drink for all the natives of those times. LICORICE :: essays research papers LICORICE There are several varieties of the herb, Licorice. Its name is derived from the two Greek words meaning ‘sweet’ and ‘root’. It is one of the oldest and best-known remedies for coughs and chest complaints. The knowledge and use of it dates back to the time of the early days of Egyptian civilisation. The Hindus, Greeks, Romans, Babylonians, and Chinese all knew about the values of Licorice. It is an enduring herb, which grows in most moderate countries. It varies from about two to five feet high, with long, smooth green leaves and yellowish white or purplish flowers. The root is light brown with a very sweet taste; fifty times the sweetness of cane sugar. It is an ointment, a cough mixture, and a laxative. Its roots penetrate deeply into the ground and contain an abundance of valuable properties. It is indigenous of Greece, Asia Minor, Spain, Southern Italy, Syria, Iraq, Caucasian and Transcaspian Russia, Northern China, Persia and North Africa. Tons of Licorice are used by all countries today for foods, medicines, beverages, and many confections, etc. The United States imports about fifty million pounds of Licorice root and about half that amount of liquid extract yearly. The root comes mainly from Iraq, Turkey, Russia, Syria, Italy, and British East Africa. The liquid extract is imported mostly from Spain. Some of the Licorice extract entering the United States is used by the drug industries and made into various medications because of its demulcent and expectorant properties. The root, which is made into a powder, is often used in the preparation of pills. The extract has almost the powder as a remedial agent. Much of the Licorice supply is used by the tobacco industry as a conditioning and flavouring agent. It is also used by the confectionery industry as a base for a wide variety of candies. The residual material after extraction is used as a stabiliser in the production of foam fire extinguishers and as a fertiliser for mushrooms. The Chinese herbalists regard Licorice as a healing agent either by itself or as an ingredient in various herbal formulas. It is also used to flavour beer or ale, ice creams, and as Licorice water, which is a blood purifier. Licorice water was a popular drink in Egypt during the ancient days. The youthful Pharaoh Tutankhamen was buried with a supply of Licorice root to help him on his last long journey. It was a very therapeutic sweet drink for all the natives of those times.

The Vanity Of An Ape In A Thin Slice Of Cosmic Time

By Chris Burrows Born in the hot summer of 87 to an accountant and nurse with an absurd pretence to create a pleasant and respectable appearance, I lived, as would be expected, a traditional middle-class, white childhood. By the age of sixteen, more formally known as the age of reason, I had established an anti-religious, political and cultural identity incompatible with that of my parents, thus consequentially aborted from the home unit and forced upon the streets.In and out of punk rock bands, failing relationships, etty crime and substance addiction, early adulthood founded for what was to become a blind yet fruitful Journey of promiscuity, artistic proficiency and self development. This continues to be, for the most part, a euphoric experience. Soon enough, an informal, yet nevertheless rigorous study of physics, astronomy and cognitive science lead to the inevitable realisation that this universe, however beautiful and complex, exists without purpose and our lives within it, as important and eventful as they may seem, are ultimately meaningless.Particularly, that skyscrapers, governments and police forces are merely the result of thirteen billion ears of sequential chemical reactions externally determined by their surroundings, and any purpose or meaning a human may experience within their life is purely a product of their own mind.Torn between suicidal tendencies to the left, and the vacant monotony of modern life to the right, I kept driving straight ahead, crashing full speed into the destined and only middle ground, escapism. Finally, distraction and relief from all the unpleasant realities of life had been found, secluded in a timber cabin deep within the woods, and it is there too, where you may find this lonely boy, and his dog.

Percentage, Money Management

By the end of the lesson, the students will be able to demonstrate knowledge of budget planning and banking. Students will have knowledge of words associated with banking and budgets including interest, percent, and budget Students will of a working knowledge of percentages and how to use this knowledge as it applies to banking, interests, loans and budgeting. Students will be able to develop a monthly budget given a particular income. Students will be able to calculate the interest on a purchase.Knowledge: The student can calculate total cost on an item given various tax rates. 2. Comprehension: Given two different costs on a particular item, with different tax rates, the student will be able to determine the best deal. 3. Application: The student will articulate the use of this knowledge in their daily life. 4. Analytical Thought: Students will begin to understand how this knowledge can assist them with problem solving regarding income and expenditures. 5. Synthetic Thought: Studen ts will be able to explain how to budget monthly to assure that all costs are covered.6. Evaluation: The students will understand the need to budget and shop around for financial security. Standards: Math – The student uses calculations for percentage correctly Material: 1. Calculator 2. Paper for the purpose of budget work Anticipatory Set: The teacher will ask the students about their knowledge of budgeting. They will discuss the importance of budgeting. Students will be asked to identify examples of when percentages can be useful into their everyday life. Input: 1. The teacher will allow for brief discussion on the examples calculated in class2. The teacher will allow time for discussion about other uses for percentages 3. The teacher will review the vocabulary related to the concepts 4. The teacher will allow class time to work additional problems related to percentages and money management. Modeling: 1. The teacher will construct examples for the students to complete in class. Prior to completing the problems, the teacher will review the vocabulary and the methodology for calculating percentages. The teacher will complete a problem related to the assignment. 2.When the students have completed the in class assignment, teacher will complete another larger and slightly more complex problem using the percentage concepts, perhaps related to credit use, as an example to looking forward to use of percentage. Check for Understanding The teacher will engage the class in discussion regarding money management and percentages to verify that students comprehend. 1. Memory: Can the student recall the meaning of the associated vocabulary words. 2. Translation: The students will be able to link the percentage concept to the real world3. Interpretation: Students can explain the use of percentage in different situations. 4. Extrapolation: Students will be able to come up with other uses for percentage calculations 5. Application: Students can complete assignments sh owing skills of methodology 6. Analysis: Students will be able to use percentage skill to make decisions on purchases. 7. Synthesis: Students can understand the use of percentages in their day to day life and understand values. 8. Evaluation: Students will complete assignments adequately.Checking through activities 1. The teacher will monitor the progress students make as they work through the problems. Teacher will answer questions and re explain concepts and methodology as needed. 2. Teacher will have a second opportunity to assess progress during discussion Guided Practice 1. Imagery of money management story regarding the purchase of a particular item in two different states at differing tax rates 2. Discussion for purpose of elaboration and comprehension 3. Vocabulary words related to money management and percentageIndependent Practice Students will be given home assignment to complete a more elaborate project related to money management Closure 1. Teacher will be able to demon strate through each activity, that students have a working knowledge and understanding of percentages. 2. The lesson will introduce the concept of money management and fiscal responsibly Adoptions for Learning Disabilities The teacher may choose to assign the classroom task as a group assignment to allow learning disabled students peer support.Students with perceptual disabilities can be given the task in a tangible puzzle assignment where percentages of the whole are experienced in a tangible way. For example Extensions for Gifted Students may choose to move ahead to more complex assignments involving credit card interest rates as appropriate Possible Connections to Other Subjects This lesson can be used in conjunction with any life skills class in which students are learning to plan for future financial responsibility. The vocabulary can be incorporated into 8th grade English vocabulary units.

The eNotes Blog 12 Female Poets Whove ShapedPoetry

12 Female Poets Whove ShapedPoetry Its important to highlight the extraordinary influence female poets have had on our literary culture. Early codes of feminine behavior did not encourage women to express their personal passions, desires, and reflections through writing. Though women have written poetry for ages, it wasnt until the first wave of the womens movement in the twentieth century that female poets began to use their platform as a way to vocalize their ambitions and address social and political issues. As women continue to speak their truth, we want to shed light on twelve female poets that have had a lasting impact on world literature. image via Poetry Foundation Sylvia Plath Though  Sylvia Plath’s body of work is slender due to the tragic shortness of her life,  her legacy today is enormous. Known for her confessional style of poetry, Plath is a pioneer of her craft. Her work is raw and painfully honest, inspiring countless other artists to showcase vulnerability through their own work. Plath recognized the societal expectations of a 1950’s female and was not afraid to speak out against issues of patriarchy and stifling domesticity. Between her poetry, journals, and an autobiographical novel, Plath illuminates how individual experiences can translate into cultural statements. image via IX Daily Maya Angelou Often referred to as The Peoples Poet,  Maya Angelou is one of the most notable African American women of the twentieth century. Her multifaceted career and unparalleled accomplishments break all boundaries of race, gender, and sexuality. As an integral part of the civil rights movement, Angelou worked closely with both Malcolm X and Martin Luther King, Jr. She has spoken out about everyday injustice, violence, and oppression, giving rise to so many others who have been silenced by society. With her tremendous influence on generations of Americans, Angelou is a literary treasure who will truly be missed. image via Poetry Foundation Emily Dickinson†¨ One of the most original American poets to have ever picked up a pen, Emily Dickinson wrote hundreds of spare, haunting, and unforgettable poems- most of which were not published until after her death. Instead of traditional rhyme schemes and punctuation, Dickinson used broken meter, idiosyncratic capitalization, and sporadic dashes to convey rich, complex layers of thought and emotion. Though Dickinson was reclusive by nature, her brilliant mind and expansive imagination allowed her confront the greatest of themes:  inevitability of death, the aches of human longing, and the joys of the natural world. image via Historic Ipswich Anne Bradstreet†¨Ã‚   Anne Bradstreet ranks as the first true American poet, man or woman. Having sailed to America aboard the Arbella  in 1630, Bradstreet was among the earliest settlers in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. She became a chief voice of the great Puritan migration to the New World. Bradstreets poetry explores subjects such as birth, death, her love for her family, and her love for God. Her poetry reflects the deeply unfamiliar landscape of life in the early American colonies. Bradstreet’s poetry provides significant historical insight into the lives of the earliest Puritan settlers and establishes her title as the first poet of the New World. image via Famous Biographies Phillis Wheatley Kidnapped from West Africa and enslaved in Boston, Phillis Wheatley became the first African American- and one of the first women- to publish a book of poetry in the colonies. The family she was sold to taught her how to read, write, and speak English, providing all the necessary tools for a classical education. Wheatley began composing poetry around the age of thirteen and was often called upon by her family to share her work at social gatherings. Her poetry possess strong religious underpinnings, but, like the work of the neoclassical poets of her day, it remains formally controlled and emotionally reserved. Ultimately, Wheatley’s work is amongst the first evidence of writing that reveals race consciousness, which stemmed from her role as a slave in society. image via Poetry Foundation Gwendolyn Brooks Best known for her lyrical style of urban verse, Gwendolyn Brooks wrote poetry that highlights the problems of African American youths in the mid-twentieth century. In 1950, she became the first African American, male or female, to win the Pulitzer Prize. Brooks was one of the champions of the â€Å"black aesthetic,† a movement in the 1960s to promote and encourage black separatism. Throughout her career, she was vocal about issues in her community as well as the national social stigmas associated with being young and black in America. image via WordPress June Jordan†¨ With a commitment to human rights and progressivism, June Jordan emerged as one of the leading political poets of the late sixties. Her poetry is autobiographical, drawing on her pursuit of justice and her search for identity in a culture quick to suppress outspoken individuals. Her work is unapologetic, honest, and deeply reflective of the issues of her era. She often uses vernacular English  to discuss topics of sexuality, racial inequality, and political oppression. In addition to her poetry, she produced several novels, childrens books, and dramatic pieces.   image via Poetry Foundation Dorothy Parker †¨ Outspoken and controversial, Dorothy Parker became a popular twentieth-century writer. As a founding member of the Algonquin Round Table, she was famous for hosting the wittiest of debates and conversations. Her poetry reveals her caustic wit and sharp eye for human foibles. In addition to verse, Parker wrote articles for Vogue, Vanity Fair, and The New Yorker. She moved to Hollywood to pursue a career in screenwriting until she was blacklisted due to possible associations with the Communist Party. A firm believer in civil rights, she bequeathed her literary estate to Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. image via Online Indus News Parveen Shakir †¨ Parveen Shakir, the Urdu poet from Pakistan, is considered the best and â€Å"most prominent† modern poet the Urdu language has produced. Shakir is credited as the first female poet to use the word larki (girl) in her works; the male-dominated Urdu poetry scene traditionally used a masculine equivalent when referring to a beloved individual. She often used feminine, first-person pronouns in her poetry, which was unheard-of among her predecessors. Shakir’s soul-stirring, allegorical writing aims to illuminate the female experience in rich Urdu verse. image via Famous Biographies Gertrude Stein Stein captured the dialogue of common people and significantly influenced the writing of post-World War I authors. She had no interest in conforming to the traditional roles of the American woman, so she moved to Paris  and joined the citys American ex-patriate literary community, where she felt she could freely express herself.   An explorer of prose, she broke away from the nineteenth century’s reliance on plot, character, and conventional description to demonstrate how acute awareness and identity could be evoked through simple words. She emphasized the unexpected power of words by arranging them in unusual ways. A true individualist, she refused to confine herself to any genre, much as she did in her personal life. image via Brain Pickings Lucille Clifton†¨ Award-winning novelist and poet Lucille Clifton’s work explores the female and black American experience of the 20th century. Clifton’s lyrical eloquence gracefully translates broad, universal ideals into short poems with simple structures and limited rhyme. Her poems encompass themes of family, the African American experience, and female sensibility. She is playful with her dialect and style, often juxtaposing concepts to create tension and contrast. Though Clifton is hesitant to call herself a poet, her modesty validates the authenticity of her poetic works, which are always inspired by her celebration of life. image via The Baltimore Sun Adrienne Rich †¨ Adrienne Rich’s poetry reflects her lifelong search for identity, as she transitioned from being a traditional wife and mother in the 1950s to being a â€Å"woman-identified† feminist and lesbian. Her poetry is laced with anger, confusion, and a desire to reclaim the ownership of a female voice that has been suppressed by a patriarchal culture. Rich gracefully combined her art with her activism. Her growing consciousness and platform for expression allowed her to branch out, speaking about women’s rights, black power, indigenous rights, and environmental issues. Rich never wanted to confine her writing (or herself) to one style or audience, so she created her own form, syntax, and rhythm that showcased the vivid complexity of her own life and of humanity at large. These women have undoubtedly made their mark on poetry. However, their impact extends far beyond their artistic achievements. In a world that is often quick to silence those who stray from tradition, these twelve women courageously used their voices to create change where it was most needed. Though poetry continues to evolve, the legacies of these women will live on through their words.

Requirements to be a US Senator

Requirements to be a US Senator Requirements to be a U.S. Senator are established in Article I, Section 3 of the U.S. Constitution.  The Senate is the United States higher legislative chamber (the House of Representatives being the lower chamber), containing 100 members. If you have dreams of becoming one of the two senators who represent each state for six-year terms, you might want to check the Constitution first. The guiding document for our government specifically spells out the requirements to be a senator. Individuals must be: At least 30 years oldA U.S. citizen for at least nine years at the time of election to the SenateA resident of the state one is elected to represent in the Senate Similar to those for being a U.S. Representative, the Constitutional requirements for being a Senator focus on age, U.S. citizenship, and residency. In addition, the post-Civil War Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution prohibits any person who has taken any federal or state oath swearing to support the Constitution, but later took part in a rebellion or otherwise aided any enemy of the U.S. from serving in the House or Senate. These are the only requirements for the office that are specified in Article I, Section 3 of the Constitution, which reads, No Person shall be a Senator who shall not have attained to the Age of thirty Years, and been nine Years a Citizen of the United States, and who shall not, when elected, be an Inhabitant of that State for which he shall be chosen. Unlike U.S. Representatives, who represent the people of specific geographic districts within their states, U.S. Senators represent all of the people in their states. Senate vs. House Requirements Why are these requirements for serving in the Senate more restrictive than those for serving the House of Representatives? In the 1787 Constitutional Convention, delegates looked to British law in setting age, citizenship, and residency or â€Å"inhabitancy† qualifications for senators and representatives, but voted not to adopt proposed religion and property ownership requirements. Age The delegates debated the minimum age for senators after they had set the age for representatives at 25. Without debate, the delegates voted to set the minimum age for senators at 30. James Madison justified the higher age in Federalist No. 62, stating the due to the more impactful nature of the â€Å"senatorial trust,† a â€Å"greater extent of information and stability of character,† was needed for senators than for representatives. Interestingly, English law at the time set the minimum age for members of the House of Commons, the lower chamber of Parliament, at 21, and at 25 for members of the upper house, the House of Lords. Citizenship English law in 1787 strictly prohibited any person not born in â€Å"the kingdoms of England, Scotland, or Ireland† from serving in either chamber of Parliament. While some delegates might have favored such a blanket ban for the U.S. Congress, none of them proposed it. An early proposal by Gouverneur Morris of Pennsylvania included a 14-year U.S. citizenship requirement for senators. However, the delegation voted against Morris’ proposal, voting instead for the current 9-year period, two years longer than the 7-year minimum they had earlier adopted for the House of Representatives. Notes from the convention indicate that the delegates considered the 9-year requirement to be a compromise â€Å"between a total exclusion of adopted citizens† and an â€Å"indiscriminate and hasty admission of them.† Residency Recognizing the fact that many American citizens may have lived abroad for some time, the delegates felt a minimum U.S. residency, or â€Å"inhabitancy† requirement should apply to the members of Congress. While England’ Parliament had repealed such residency rules in 1774, none of the delegates spoke for such rules for Congress. As a result, the delegates voted to require that members of the both the House and Senate be inhabitants of the states from which they were elected but placed no minimum time periods limits on the requirement. Phaedra Trethan is a freelance writer and a former copy editor for The Philadelphia Inquirer newspaper. Updated by Robert Longley

Geography and History of Costa Rica

Geography and History of Costa Rica Population: 4.906 million (July 2017 estimate)Capital: San Josà ©Area: 19,730 square miles (51,100 sq km)Bordering countries: Nicaragua and PanamaCoastline: 802 miles (1,290 km)Highest point: Cerro Chirripo at 12,500 feet (3,810 m) Costa Rica, officially called the Republic of Costa Rica, is located on the Central American isthmus between Nicaragua and Panama. Because it is on an isthmus, Costa Rica also has coastlines along the Pacific Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. The country features numerous rainforests and a plethora of flora and fauna which make it a popular destination for tourism and ecotourism. History Costa Rica was first explored by Europeans beginning in 1502 with Christopher Columbus. Columbus named the region Costa Rica, meaning rich coast, as he and other explorers hoped to find gold and silver in the area. European settlement began in Costa Rica in 1522 and from the 1570s until the 1800s it was a Spanish colony. In 1821, Costa Rica then joined other Spanish colonies in the region and made a declaration of independence from Spain. Shortly thereafter, the newly independent Costa Rica and other former colonies formed a Central American Federation. However, cooperation between the countries was short-lived and border disputes frequently occurred in the mid-1800s. As a result of these conflicts, the Central American Federation eventually collapsed and in 1838, Costa Rica declared itself as a fully independent state. After declaring its independence, Costa Rica underwent a period of stable democracy beginning in 1899. In that year, the country experienced its first free elections which have continued until today despite two problems in the early 1900s and in 1948. From 1917-1918, Costa Rica was under the dictatorial rule of Federico Tinoco and in 1948, the presidential election was disputed and Jose Figueres led a civilian uprising which led to a 44-day civil war. Costa Ricas civil war caused the deaths of more than 2,000 people and was one of the most violent times in the countrys history. Following the end of the civil war though, a constitution was written which declared that the country would have free elections and universal suffrage. Costa Ricas first election following the civil war was in 1953 and was won by Figueres. Today, Costa Rica is known as one of the most stable and economically successful Latin American countries. Government Costa Rica is a republic with a single legislative body made up of its Legislative Assembly whose members are elected by popular vote. The judicial branch of government in Costa Rica is comprised only of a Supreme Court. Costa Ricas executive branch has a chief of state and head of government - both of which are filled by the president who is elected by popular vote. Costa Rica underwent its most recent election in February 2010. Laura Chinchilla won the election and became the countrys first female president. Economics and Land Use Costa Rica is considered one of the most economically prosperous countries in Central America and a major part of its economy comes from its agricultural exports. Costa Rica is a well-known coffee producing region and pineapples, bananas, sugar, beef, and ornamental plants also contribute to its economy. The country is also growing industrially and produces goods such as medical equipment, textiles and clothing, construction materials, fertilizer, plastic products, and high-value goods such as microprocessors. Ecotourism and the related service sector is also a significant part of Costa Ricas economy because the country is highly biodiverse. Geography, Climate, and Biodiversity Costa Rica has a varied topography with coastal plains that are separated by volcanic mountain ranges. There are three mountain ranges running throughout the country. The first of these is the Cordillera de Guanacaste and runs to the Cordillera Central from the northern border with Nicaragua. The Cordillera Central runs between the central part of the country and the southern Cordillera de Talamanca which bounds the Meseta Central (Central Valley) near San Josà ©. Most of Costa Ricas coffee is produced in this region. The climate of Costa Rica is tropical and has a wet season that lasts from May to November. San Jose, which is located in Costa Ricas Central Valley, has an average July high temperature of 82 °F (28 °C) and an average January low of 59 °F (15 °C). The coastal lowlands of Costa Rica are incredibly biodiverse and feature many different types of plants and wildlife. Both coasts feature mangrove swamps and the Gulf of Mexico side is heavily forested with tropical rainforests. Costa Rica also has several large national parks to protect its plethora of flora and fauna. Some of these parks include the Corcovado National Park (home to large cats such as jaguars and smaller animals like Costa Rican monkeys), Tortuguero National Park and Monteverde Cloud Forest Reserve. More Facts Costa Ricas official languages are English and Creole Life expectancy in Costa Rica is 76.8 years Costa Ricas ethnic breakdown is 94% European and mixed native-European, 3% African, 1% native and 1% Chinese References Central Intelligence Agency. (2010, April 22). CIA - The World Factbook - Costa Rica. Retrieved from: https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cs.htmlInfoplease.com. (n.d.) Costa Rica: History, Geography, Government, and Culture - Infoplease.com. Retrieved from: infoplease.com/ipa/A0107430.htmlUnited States Department of State. (2010, February). Costa Rica (02/10). Retrieved from: state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2019.htm

Financial Report of the Fashion Company Hermes Case Study

Financial Report of the Fashion Company Hermes - Case Study Example The paper "Financial Report of the Fashion Company Hermes" is a report of finance situation of the fashion company called Hermes. A small number of attainment in wristwatch manufacture and fleece merchandise, as sound as in the additional unidentified fields of furnishings, upholstery fabrics and wallpaper complemented. Our existing mà ©tiers, enabling us to tender our clientele a increasingly better alternative of exceptional objects. The responsibility of the managerial Chairmen is to administer the collection and proceed in its all-purpose interest, within the range of the commercial principle and focus to those powers specifically approved by decree to the decision-making Board and to General Meetings of shareholders. Hermà ¨s International’s executive administration is comprised of the administrative Chairmen and the administrative group, which consists of six administration Directors, every of whom has distinct areas of accountability. Its task is to administer the Gro up’s deliberate executive. The Supervisory Board movements current organize over friendship management. For this reason, it has the similar authority as the legal Auditors. The administrative Board determines the planned pay appropriation for the financial year to be submitted to the Annual General Meeting. Among the goods include; Leather Goods-Saddlery: Leather goods and saddler are Hermes founding mà ©tier and account for 47% of sales. Its goods include bags, clutch bags, briefcases, luggage, diaries, writing accessories., small leather accessories, saddles and other equestrian items. Ready to wear and fashion accessories; This group includes; Women’s Ready to wear; tiring a gaucho bonnet and with a button in give, the proviso was decent in tooled or full-grain leathers set sour by a shagreen sheen, by means of entwined jackets in squashy lambskin plus crocodile bronzed to clearness, the final achievement. Tall, slim silhouettes in jodhpur jumpsuits, Amazon skirts, bloomer shorts in strand gabardine or draped dresses in iris and bright green viscose jersey were mutual with harness-bit belts, Etriviere trinkets and Jumping boots in a jiggle to the equestrian globe. Attributing a mark to this innovative vote, clean lines exposed the exactitude of volumes and the exquisiteness of resources. Maxi-hoods, lambskin leggings or jog bottoms in knit cashmere were damaged by athletic women or regular traveler. MEN’S READY-TO-WEAR The materials were work in innovative ways by means of ground-breaking technique that lent them strange weightlessness and gentleness. â€Å"Phantom-seam† calfskin, an terrific instance of trompe l’?il, necessary tremendously precise hot stamping. in the meantime, Etriviere lambskin acquire a screen-printed lining featuring the Pegase d’Hermesmotif, addition the sum total of modification to its very manly outlook. Creating â€Å"suffer exhaustion strand† knit necessary a highly complicated man ufacture progression and more than a few. ACCESSORIES The Accessories Department covers enamel and leather ,

Hard Bob, Funky, Gospel Jazz Music Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Hard Bob, Funky, Gospel Jazz Music - Essay Example Generally, however, Gospel Music themes covered areas of Christian religious worship, praise and thanksgiving to the Holy Trinity. There were several main characteristic of Black Gospel Music that distinguished it from other Gospels. Throughout the years since its development, many artists have also sprung and they not only contributed to its development, but took this particular subgenre into the next level. Black Gospel, also called Urban Contemporary Gospel, like the mainstream genre it belonged to, sought to express the collective Christian beliefs of the community. It was deemed the Christianized version of the mainstream modern music of the earlier half of the 20th century. Though the themes were somewhat fixed, the main characteristics of this subgenre changed throughout the years. Tempo and beat often differed according to the taste of the artists and the particular music era they belonged to. For instance, in the early years of its conception (1920s-1940s), Thomas A. Dorsey, the â€Å"Father of Gospel Music, along with pioneer singers Willie Mae Ford Smith and Sallie Martin, popularized Black Gospel by mixing elements of Blues or Spirituals with the Christian religious experience (Petrie). With â€Å"happiness† as the prime element in testifying a religious experience, there was a good deal of dancing (mainly employing the Boogie-Woogie style to the accompaniment of Jazz instruments). In the 1930s, the religiosity of Gospel Music mingled with political and social commentaries as popularized by male groups called quartets, who usually sang A Cappella and in jubilee style. Unlike the less lively hymns of the 20s, groups such as the Soul Stirrers and the Golden Gate Quartet blended more melodies in their songs, giving them a playful rhythm as well as more social significance (i.e. background music for the civil rights movement) (Petrie; Warner 35-6). The 30s also saw the rise of creative Gospel singers like Sister Rosetta

Analogue Electronics Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Analogue Electronics - Coursework Example ii. While the "E" favored worth records are the most-ideal approach to protecting one is loading the ideal number of qualities for a given tolerance, an expression of alert is in place concerning what is accessible in the commercial center and certain certifiable practices. E24 has a tolerance of 5% and numerous makers make each worth on the E24 rundown in 1% tolerance despite the fact that the practice bodes well c. i. The increase of an operational enhancer or op-amp circuit relies on a mixed bag of elements including the circuit design and the segments around the operational intensifier chip itself. This page gives an outline or diagram of the gain of the distinctive operational enhancer circuits accessible. ii. This working mode is a blend of both the modifying and the non-upsetting speaker. In this mode, the yield will be the distinction between the two inputs, duplicated by the shut circle pick up. Setting the estimation of shut circle increase typically and attained by picking the proportion of the criticism and information resistors. In both the transforming and non-reversing speakers one and only enter was utilized, the other data being associated with

Marketing Managemant Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Marketing Managemant - Essay Example However, this is not always the case. Sometimes firms charge higher prices when they enter a new market. This strategy is referred to as Price Skimming by the market tacticians. For example, Governments often set prices high in a marketplace where it considered that increase in competition will contribute towards market efficiency. For example, In Saudi Arabia the oil cost to the government is extremely low but they charge a good amount of price in the market to encourage more competitors in the market. This is just one example. Another example of this can be the market public utilities where huge sums of investments are required. The governments in order finance such large investments often keep high initial consumer prices to make sure that more and more companies enter the market and total investment in the country increases as it has many macro-economic advantages. Price skimming is said to be very advantageous for the new firm entering the market and also for the marketing as a whole. For a higher price would mean higher profits for the firm itself and they won't have to resort to lower revenues and lower profits in the context of penetration pricing.

Film Analysis - The Pianist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film Analysis - The Pianist - Essay Example However, just before he is about to board, one of the Jewish guards pulls him out of line and inadvertently saves Szpilman’s life. Over the next few years, Szpilman goes from place to place while trying to avoid the German troops. He manages this successfully, although there are a few close calls. In one apartment where he was staying, Szpilman tipped over some plates, creating a loud bang. Immediately a neighbor was banging on the door and asking who was there. Once Szpilman opened the door, the woman asked for identification. We he could produce none, the woman started shouting that he was a Jew and that he needed to be caught. Szpilman managed to run down the stairs and get away as fast as possible. A little while later, a key turning point in the film began. The Polish Uprising began in August of 1944 and resulted in the last remaining Jews being executed. Szpilman is almost killed throughout this battle, but manages to stay alive. Once the Germans are mostly forced to lea ve the city, Szpilman is one of the few to still be living in the war-ruined city of Warsaw. Barely managing to stay alive, Szpilman attempts to find whatever food he can. As he is trying to open a can of pickles, a German captain, Wilm Hosenfeld, discovers Szpilman all alone. After a few short questions, Captain Hosenfeld asks Szpilman if what he does for a living. Szpilman responds that he was a pianist. To this, Captain Hosenfeld simply said, â€Å"A pianist. Come. Play.† Szpilman decides to play â€Å"Ballade in G-Minor, Op. 23† by Chopin. At the sound of this, Captain Hosenfeld felt touched enough to spare Szpilman’s life. This scene is one of the most impacting in the movie because it shows that even though two people may be at war, they can still see the goodness in each other. The filmmaker, Roman Polanski, is trying to show the Holocaust through the eyes of one man’s true story. Quite often Holocaust movies focus on the Jewish race as a whole, wh ich is fine, but it maybe not always the best way to represent the Holocaust. In looking at it from one person’s point of view, the audience is able to feel the emotions of the character and how stressful that time would have been. In the piano scene with the German captain, Polanski is trying to show that not all Germans are as evil as many people think. The stereotypical German of that day, and to some extent of the modern day, is one who is always yelling and putting other people down because of their race. This German Captain Hosenfeld gives the audience a side of a German war character that is, for some, not normal. In many Hollywood movies, Germans are always portrayed to be the bad guys. This is because, generally, many Americans of Jewish descent wield great power in high places and can thus get their views across easily. When Captain Hosenfeld asks Szpilman to play something on the piano, he is giving the Jew a chance to display his talents. Many people would have ex pected Szpilman to be shot instantly simply for the fact that he was Jewish, yet Captain Hosenfeld saw something in Szpilman that perhaps many others could never see. Once he began listening to the piano, Captain Hosenfeld was so captured by what he was hearing that he felt mercy for Szpilman and his situation. It could be that hearing the piano triggered something in Captain Hosenfeld’s memory. Maybe he had a happy memory of the piano as a child. The point is that Polanski is showing how

Politics in Cambodia Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Politics in Cambodia - Essay Example Racial discrimination, in most cases, occurs in several ways. Mostly, racial discrimination takes the form of biological supremacy where those who discriminate believe they are superior and better than the rest. However, the superiority concept is not always a factor in racial discrimination. As was in the case of the genocide in Cambodia, the Khmer Rouges, the main native group, actively discriminated the rest of the groups not necessarily based on their biological identities. On the contrary, racial discrimination in the country was based on economics, politics and their cultural composition of the groups. Stereotyping of issues around these concepts mainly led to racial discrimination of the minority groups. For instance, wealth was an important factor that determined how the Khmer Rouge treated each person. In that respect, the Cambodians were divided into two broad categories; the base people mainly made of the peasant farmers in rural areas and the new people who lived in citie s. Consequently, the new people suffered the most; they were forced to handle tough jobs in extreme conditions. Later, the text will illustrate how the stereotyping of the urban new Chinese minority as economically endowed persons led to exploitation and discrimination policies under the regime. Stereotyping of the Chinese as being among the wealthy class groups resulted in racial discrimination where they  faced  harsher terms compared to the native Khmer.

Film Analysis - The Pianist Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Film Analysis - The Pianist - Essay Example However, just before he is about to board, one of the Jewish guards pulls him out of line and inadvertently saves Szpilman’s life. Over the next few years, Szpilman goes from place to place while trying to avoid the German troops. He manages this successfully, although there are a few close calls. In one apartment where he was staying, Szpilman tipped over some plates, creating a loud bang. Immediately a neighbor was banging on the door and asking who was there. Once Szpilman opened the door, the woman asked for identification. We he could produce none, the woman started shouting that he was a Jew and that he needed to be caught. Szpilman managed to run down the stairs and get away as fast as possible. A little while later, a key turning point in the film began. The Polish Uprising began in August of 1944 and resulted in the last remaining Jews being executed. Szpilman is almost killed throughout this battle, but manages to stay alive. Once the Germans are mostly forced to lea ve the city, Szpilman is one of the few to still be living in the war-ruined city of Warsaw. Barely managing to stay alive, Szpilman attempts to find whatever food he can. As he is trying to open a can of pickles, a German captain, Wilm Hosenfeld, discovers Szpilman all alone. After a few short questions, Captain Hosenfeld asks Szpilman if what he does for a living. Szpilman responds that he was a pianist. To this, Captain Hosenfeld simply said, â€Å"A pianist. Come. Play.† Szpilman decides to play â€Å"Ballade in G-Minor, Op. 23† by Chopin. At the sound of this, Captain Hosenfeld felt touched enough to spare Szpilman’s life. This scene is one of the most impacting in the movie because it shows that even though two people may be at war, they can still see the goodness in each other. The filmmaker, Roman Polanski, is trying to show the Holocaust through the eyes of one man’s true story. Quite often Holocaust movies focus on the Jewish race as a whole, wh ich is fine, but it maybe not always the best way to represent the Holocaust. In looking at it from one person’s point of view, the audience is able to feel the emotions of the character and how stressful that time would have been. In the piano scene with the German captain, Polanski is trying to show that not all Germans are as evil as many people think. The stereotypical German of that day, and to some extent of the modern day, is one who is always yelling and putting other people down because of their race. This German Captain Hosenfeld gives the audience a side of a German war character that is, for some, not normal. In many Hollywood movies, Germans are always portrayed to be the bad guys. This is because, generally, many Americans of Jewish descent wield great power in high places and can thus get their views across easily. When Captain Hosenfeld asks Szpilman to play something on the piano, he is giving the Jew a chance to display his talents. Many people would have ex pected Szpilman to be shot instantly simply for the fact that he was Jewish, yet Captain Hosenfeld saw something in Szpilman that perhaps many others could never see. Once he began listening to the piano, Captain Hosenfeld was so captured by what he was hearing that he felt mercy for Szpilman and his situation. It could be that hearing the piano triggered something in Captain Hosenfeld’s memory. Maybe he had a happy memory of the piano as a child. The point is that Polanski is showing how

Closing argument (persuasive) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Closing argument (persuasive) - Essay Example George Milton’s action was necessary. He has no other choice but to take away the life of Lennie. George should not be accused of any crime or he should not be considered guilty. George knows Lennie quite obviously. He is acquainted with Lennie so much that he knows that Lennie is always ready to harm himself with his activities. Lennie is not fully mentally fit and performs acts that are disadvantageous for him and he is not aware of this fact. Such as Lennie has hidden a dead mouse in his pocket, which can be epidemically harmful for him. George took it away from him but he again put it into his pocket. â€Å"George stood up and threw the mouse as far as he could into the darkening brush, and then he stepped to the pool and washed his hands. "You crazy fool. Dont you think I could see your feet was wet where you went acrost the river to get it?" He heard Lennies whimpering cry and wheeled about. "Blubberin like a baby! Jesus Christ! A big guy like you." Lennies lip quivered and tears started in his eyes. "Aw, Lennie!" George put his hand on Lennies shoulder. "I aint takin it away jus for meanness. That mouse aint fresh, Lennie; and besides, youve broke it pettin it." (Steinbeck 5) Lennie wants to pet a dead mouse without considering that it can cause a disease. George takes it away and throws it away twice. George wants to correct Lennie at each and every incidence by guiding him to do the rightful. He knows that his friend mishandles every creature whether it is an animal or a human being. Such as when Curley’s wife allows him to play with her hair, he mishandles them and at last, kills the woman by mistake. He is unable to feel that he becomes a reason for killing creatures by his mishandling. â€Å"She struggled violently under his hands. Her feet battered on the hay and she writhed to be free; and from under Lennies hand came a muffled screaming. Lennie began to cry with fright. "Oh! Please dont do none of that," he begged.

History of Nursing Research Worksheet Essay Example for Free

History of Nursing Research Worksheet Essay Nursing Research covers key issues, including health promotion, human responses to illness, acute care nursing research, symptom management, cost-effectiveness, vulnerable populations, health services, and community-based nursing studies† (Henly, 2013). Sigma Theta Tau Journal published by this organization is now called Image—The Journal of Nursing ScholarshipFirst published: 1967 Importance: â€Å"This widely read and respected journal features peer-reviewed, thought-provoking articles representing research by some of the world’s leading nurse researchers. Reaching health professionals, faculty and students in 90 countries, the Journal of Nursing Scholarship is focused on the health of people throughout the world. It reflects the society’s dedication to providing the tools necessary to improve nursing care around the world† (Hegyvary, 2011). Research in Nursing and Health First published: 1978 Importance: â€Å"a general peer-reviewed research journal devoted to publication of a wide range of research and theory that will inform the practice of nursing and other health disciplines. It has influenced on nursing education administration, health issues related to nursing, and testing research in practice† (Research In Nursing Health , n. d. ). Western Journal of Nursing Research First published: 1979 Importance: â€Å"The dissemination of research studies, book reviews, discussion and debate, and meeting calendars, all directed to a general nursing audience. It has risen to the challenges of the ever-changing nursing research field, providing an innovative forum for nurse researchers, students and clinical practitioners to participate in ongoing scholarly debate† (Conn, 2013). Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing PracticeFirst published: 1987 Importance: â€Å"Research and Theory for Nursing Practice (former named Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice) focuses on issues relevant to improving nursing practice, education, and patient care. The articles strive to discuss knowledge development in its broadest sense, reflect research using a variety of methodological approaches, and combine several methods and strategies in a single study. Because of the journals international emphasis, article contributors address the implications of their studies for an international audience† (Springer Publish Company, 2013). Applied Nursing ResearchFirst published: 1988 Importance: â€Å"To present original, peer-reviewed research findings clearly and directly for clinical applications in all nursing specialties. Regular features include ‘Ask the Experts,’ research briefs, clinical methods, book reviews, news and announcements, and an editorial section. Applied Nursing Research covers such areas as pain management, patient education, discharge planning, nursing diagnosis, job stress in nursing, nursing influence on length of hospital stay, and nurse/physician collaboration† (Applied Nursing Research, 2013). Nursing Science QuarterlyFirst published: 1988 Importance: â€Å"Nursing Science Quarterly (NSQ) is a peer-reviewed quarterly journal publishing original manuscripts focusing on nursing theory development, nursing theory-based practice and quantitative and qualitative research related to existing nursing frameworks, contributed by the leading theorists, researchers and nurse executives† (Nursing Science Quarterly, 2013). Conduct and Utilization of Research in NursingFirst published: 1982-1983 Importance: â€Å"The Conduct and Utilization of Research in Nursing (CURN) project, an organizational approach, was designed to develop and test a model for using research-based knowledge in clinical practice settings† (Morse, 2006). Annual Review of Nursing ResearchFirst published: 1983 Importance: â€Å"The purpose of this annual review is to critically examine the full gamut of literature on key topics in nursing practice, including nursing theory, care delivery, nursing education, and the professional aspects of nursing. ARNR has brought together internationally recognized experts in the fields of nursing, and continues to deliver the highest standards of content and authoritative reviews of research for students, researchers, and clinicians† (Springer Publishing Company, 2013). AgenciesEstablishment date and goal or function: American Nurses’ Association (ANA) Council of Nurse Researchers Established: 1972 Goal: â€Å"The Council of Nurse Researchers helped with the development of research endeavors, gave credit to meritorious research, and facilitated the discussion of research ideas† (Burns ; Grove, 2009). National Institute for Nursing Research (NINR)Established: 1993 Goal: â€Å"NINR is to promote and improve the health of individuals, families, communities, and populations. NINR supports and conducts clinical and basic research and research training on health and illness across the lifespan to build the scientific foundation for clinical practice, prevent disease and disability, manage and eliminate symptoms caused by illness, and improve palliative and end-of-life care† (National Institute Of Nursing Research,

Four Seasons Competitive Advantage

Four Seasons Competitive Advantage The firm creates value by performing a series of activities that Porter identified as the value chain. To achieve a competitive advantage, Four Seasons must perform more value creating activities in a way that creates more overall value than do competitors. Identify Four Seasons core competence Isadore Sharp was graduated architecture degree. This subject was including buildings, design modules and so on. It assisted Sharp in building and designing hotel more uniqueness, sharp and feature design etc. In technology development activities support the inbound logistics, Four Seasons was innovation constantly, such as Sharp build luxury hotel with then-modern amenities andprovide air conditioning service, Four Seasons also combination of a motel and a down town hotel result in success immediately. Four Seasons hotels design in such can meet with ergonomic to make more comfortable. These valuable activities enable Four Seasons to implement strategies that improve more efficiency. Four Seasons possess these unique capabilities in building and design the hotels. The talented person (Sharp) was not easy to imitated and no equivalent strategic capabilities. For that reason Four Seasons hotel has superior innovation capabilities for developing and exploiting innovation ideas. In its operations, Four Seasons hotel offered accommodation. Also, it satisfies different customers different demand such as offer workout options, spa etc. The support activities of firm infrastructure are support the Four Seasons sustainability develop and create valuable resources. Nevertheless these operations can be copied by other rivalry. Four Seasons in order to continue to refine exceptional quality. In its outbound logistics, the first one provided 24-hour room service. E.g. when the guest arrive the hotel and check in at night, receptionist will allocate the room to guest immediately as if serves to guest in a day. As this result, Four Seasons had been transferred their service to their customers. For human resource management, Four Seasons was strong focus on hiring superior employees their attitude in particular and trained them extensively in order to treat others to provide friendly services which enable the hotel on the island became number one. In its firm infrastructure, Four Seasons had a clear strategic direction, planning, market needs and understand the market position currently. E.g. focus on build small to medium sized hotels of exceptional quality. Four Seasons in order to offer excellent service, it hired employees of different working time group i.e. night shift employees, it make Four Seasons can support to open 24-hour room service. These support activities support the outbound logistics. By this means, it created a significant value contribution to success. Four Seasons offer exceptional service to provide 24-hour room service. The first hotel chain open 24-hour room service in North America enable outbound activities was very rarely. However it is not easy to sustain its competitive advantage. In its marketing and sales practice, Four Seasons sustained build luxury hotel until current possess operate 72 hotels in 31 countries and became a leading player in luxury hotel. The brand name spread over luxury hotel business worldwide, because Four Seasons acquired very much hotel quality recognition awards. As the result Four Seasons was a very well-known brand. In the eyes of the customers, Four Seasons just like luxury feelings. Moreover, Four Seasons specializing in hotel management. Four Seasons had laid down performance standard enable the staff provided comprehensive service to customer so that the hotel even more famous. In firm infrastructure support the Four Seasons to international expansion, F. S. George V gave an easy way to enter the Paris market help Four Season can signed a management agreement with HRH Prince, it enable Four Seasons own unique capabilities to international expansion. Four Seasons create a famous reputation throughout worldwide; it provided a real distinctiveness that rivals cannot match. Four Seasons hotel provided more convenience services to customers, such as overnight service, room service breakfast and so on. In its firm infrastructure and human resource management to support that can provide good customer service capabilities and better quality service relative to rivals. Four Seasons to enforce the corporate culture down to the front-line employees, encourage self-discipline and setting performance standard so as to provide excellent service. Four Seasons service able give the guests feel at home. These valuable and rare capabilities that are difficult to imitate or substitute can contribute to sustained competitive advantage. Weaknesses Four Seasons hotel had not focus on an independent procurement department; it may lead to cannot purchase the lowest price and highest quality for the activities of the company. Thereby, it may affect go down attractiveness and reputation. Also, Four Seasons suffer recession in the early 1990s, result in plummeting stock prices and big losses drove Sharp sold almost all the ownership. These reflect that Four Seasons weak finances, poor cash flow and only dependent on luxury hotel revenue. Clear Identification of Core Competencies Four Seasons has a superior innovation, famous reputation and unparalleled service of core capabilities. These core potencies can provide a particular benefit to customers. Core competencies cover an integration of skills, knowledge and technology. This combination can then leads to Four Seasons possess competitive advantage. 1b) Identification Of Generic Competitive Strategy Based On CCs Four Seasons sustain to pursuing differentiation strategy and increasing the value of a service offering in the eyes of customers. Four Seasons clearly differentiated by its core capabilities to charge a premium price. Four Seasons provides its guests with a wealth of amenities in prime downtown locations, richly designed rooms, elegant restaurants, room service and unparalleled service. Its guests pay a premium for this clearly differentiated product. Also, Four Seasons possess unique capabilities to expand international market and owned a very famous brand. These unique capabilities were superior to that available from most competitors. Four Seasons current marketing strategy is to target the luxury traveler and to target the growing affluent people in the markets and provide them of luxury travel and accommodation. Four Seasons initiating the transformation of the traditional hotel into a sort of dream home for guests. Although Four Seasons were possess core capabilities to charge a premium price. However, no competitive advantage is sustainable; everything can be duplicated, so Four Seasons pursuing differentiation persistently. A differentiation strategy will give the Four Seasons a competitive advantage so it can capture more consumer demand. 2 a) The challenges of entering French market The global marketplace provides many opportunities for a company to increase their profitability. However not all countries are attractive equally. In addition, one of the major concerns of companies competing in foreign markets is whether to customize their offerings in each different country market to match the tastes and preferences of local buyers. Pankaj Ghemawat introduces a CAGE framework which help the company to find out the issue of different dimensions of distance. Mason A. Carpenter (2009) states that Any international expansion strategy would still need to be backed up by the specific capabilities possessed by the Four Seasons hotel, regardless of how rosy the CAGE analysis paints the picture. Culture Distance Different countries have different local cultures and customs. Frenchs vogue taste sensitivity different culture from North American domestic market. For instance French expect world-class restaurant with floral arrangement, but North American Four Seasons restaurant normally understated and providing delicious food. In addition, Different languages also affect management communication problems. Gregory G. Dess (2007) states that different languages may have the same roots but different meanings or connotations.  [1]  These differences may influence the success of a strategic initiative. Administrative Distance Four Seasons against administrative distance of incompatible. i.e. Four Seasons lay down 800 rules, but some of the rules are incompatible in France, such as waiters leave the coffee pot so that they can refill their cups, this approach viewed as poor service. Besides, French laws are more demanding: more taxes, more protection for the employees and more legal constraints1. The provision of Four Seasons must retain former employees unless they wanted to leave in France, owing to the some former employees do not reach the Four Seasons hiring standard required that might impede the competitive position of Four Seasons. Besides, the French government is constantly making changes in polices affecting your business.  [2]   Four Seasons need hiring policies and service performance standards homogeneously between French and North American domestic market. Also, Four Seasons specialize in medium-sized hotels with French. Geographic Distance The challenges face to Four Seasons differs from Frenchs geographic distance. It includes the size of country, differences in climates, information networks, nature of transportation and time differences. Economic Distance Four Seasons need to face differs France economic conditions which affect luxury hotel significantly. France provides expand opportunities obviously, due to bulk demand luxury hotels, but enter into France market also need to aware of the stability of a country i.e. currency risks. Currency fluctuations can pose substantial risks. Four Seasons must constantly monitor the exchange rate between own and French currency, even a small change in the exchange rate can result in a significant different in the cost of hotel operation or net profit. Moreover, France economic condition also affect luxury hotel significantly. Fast-growth economies obviously provide opportunities, but also was aware of the stability of a country 2b) The culture gap of French and North American was totally different i.e. French against luxury restaurant taste. French expect that world-class restaurant should provide elegance amenities with floral arrangement, but North American Four Seasons restaurant normally understated and only providing delicious food. Also, French leave the coffee pot on the table for guests, so that they can refill their cups themselves, but this approach was viewed as poor service in France. As a result of different culture context, therefore Four Seasons must go to meet them in order to provide exceptional quality to reduce the cultural differences. Four Seasons also had to upgrade some of the more tangible amenities to meet the French standards of luxury. Understanding the basis of some culture differences may help people not to react personally to behavior they dont understand. This is shown that Four Seasons persistently pursuing exceptional quality of luxury hotel. It enabled Four Seasons still able t o keep its competitive advantages in French market. In addition, Different languages distance also affect management communication and service quality management. Four Seasons should adopt common language to avoid unnecessary mistake. Owing to Four Seasons expand to France where should adopt French language, it can avoid unnecessary wrong in language aspect. Also, the frontline staff must spoke fluency local language, it enable the guest feeling a tenderness service. Four Seasons should adapt the above of distance when it entered into the French market enable Four Seasons keep the competitive advantage of exceptional of service. Four Seasons against administrative distance of incompatible in France. A lot of law and regulation were protecting local. Besides, the French government is constantly making changes in polices affecting your business.  [3]  Also, France government provision protect its local employee, thus Four Seasons must retain of George former employees. However some foreign employers find French employees difficult to deal with and lacking in initiative. They tend not to relate well to others: the French are too individualistic. They dont always identify strongly with the company. One Austrian executive said, On occasion the French can be brutal and rude.  [4]  Result in Four Seasons need recruit mass employees provide train simultaneously to keep exceptional service and reputation. The challenges face to Four Seasons differs from Frenchs geographic distance, the Frances competition environment, market and the labor force problems, Four Seasons must clear understand 2c) Four Seasons was pursuing a multidomestic strategy. However, Finance and North American culture not the same, therefore culture differences may also require Four Seasons to adapt its local culture when it expands internationally such as service performance standard.. In North American, the guest valued time particularly and productivity. Thus phone calls will be answered before the fourth ring and no guest will wait longer than 60 seconds at the reception desk. Whereas French pursuing living standard such as required staff spent more time take care them. So Four Seasons need customize its services to meet the specific needs and preferences of local customers. Also, Four Seasons so as to meet local adapt French guest needs to enlarge rooms, from origin 300 to 245 rooms. It was able to detect potential opportunities for attractive niches in a given market, enhancing revenue. France governments regulated that required Four Seasons retaining a large number of former employees for new recruiting unless they wanted to leave result in Four Seasons need screen more than 10,000 applicants to recruit 400 position. Thus Four Seasons must localization to meet local specific needs. In order to make Four Seasons more localization, Four Seasons choose Didier Le Calvez as a Frances general manager. In doing so Four Seasons can decentralized strategic business units in France with considerable strategic autonomy and focuses on the specific competitive forces with France.

The Battle of the Pacific Essay -- Military History

Introduction April 1, 1945 the United States Military had its sights set on a small island chain known as the Ryukyu Islands. The main island of Okinawa would be the primary target. Sixty miles long and two to eighteen miles wide, this island was only three hundred and forty miles from mainland Japan. This island would put U.S. forces in air bombing range of mainland Japan. The Tenth Army, commanded by Lieutenant General Simon Bolivar Butler, consisted of two Army divisions and Two Marine divisions. Also the United States Navy 5th Fleet commanded by Admiral Raymond Spruance. The thirty second Japanese Army, commanded by General Mitsuru Ushijima, would try to defend Okinawa. United States forces were met with little resistance during the invasion however this battle would prove to be one of the fiercest in the Pacific. A cost that did not have to be paid considering the atomic bomb would end the war weeks after the fighting had halted. History On December 7th 1941, the Japanese military attacked Pearl Harbor and Americans were caught completely off guard. Eight United States Navy ships were damaged and five were sunk. 2,403 Americans lost their lives with 1,178 wounded. This incident thrust the U.S. military into World War 2. The next three years the United States found themselves in fierce battles throughout the Pacific. The technique used is referred to as island hopping. After Midway, the Philippines, the Marianas, and Iwo Jima it was now time for Okinawa. Okinawa its self is a territory of Japan. The civilian populous, once a monarchy, was caught in the middle of a bloody battle. Planning and Preparation The original plan was to take the Island of Formosa, or Taiwan as it is commonly known. After... ... The staggering cost of this battle was one that didn’t necessarily have to be paid. On August 6th the first atomic bomb named Little Boy, was dropped on Hiroshima. Three days later a second atomic bomb, named Fat Man, was dropped on Nagasaki. On August 15th, just six weeks after the fighting on Okinawa was over, Japan announced its surrender. On September 2nd the official declaration of surrender was signed by the Japanese. References Fiefer, George Tennozan the Battle of Okinawa and the Atomic Bomb, Ticnor and Fields 1992 Leckie, Robert Okinawa the Last Battle of World War II, Viking Penguin 1995 Pryce, Richard O.K.K.A. â€Å"The Battle of Okinawa†, www.okka.co.uk/battleofokinawa.html Thomas, Evan Sea of Thunder, Simon and Schuster 2006 â€Å"World war II in Europe†, History Place 1997, www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/timeline/pearl.html

A Description of an Ethical Dilemma Essay

An Ethical dilemma is a complex situation that often involves an apparent mental conflict between moral imperatives, in which to obey one would result in transgressing another. This is also called an ethical paradox since in moral philosophy, paradox often plays a central role in ethics debates. Ethical dilemmas are often cited in an attempt to refute an ethical system or moral code, as well as the worldview that encompasses or grows from it.[citation needed] The term dharmasankat is used in Indian philosophy to represent a moral or ethical dilemma. Etymologically, dharma can mean morality, sense of justice, code of conduct, law and other similar concepts; sankat implies a trouble or problem. These arguments can be refuted in various ways, for example by showing that the claimed ethical dilemma is only apparent and does not really exist (thus is not a paradox logically), or that the solution to the ethical dilemma involves choosing the greater good and lesser evil (as discussed in value theory), or that the whole framing of the problem is omitting creative alternatives (as in peacemaking), or (more recently) that situational ethics or situated ethics must apply because the case cannot be removed from context and still be understood. See also case-based reasoning on this process. An alternative to situational ethics is graded absolutism. Perhaps the most commonly cited ethical conflict is that between an imperative or injunction not to steal and one to care for a family that you cannot afford to feed without stolen money. Debates on this often revolve around the availability of alternate means of income or support such as a social safety net, charity, etc. See more:  The 3 Types of Satire Essay The debate is in its starkest form when framed as stealing food. In Les Misà ©rables Jean Valjean does this and is relentlessly pursued. Under an ethical system in which stealing is always wrong and letting one’s family die from starvation is always wrong, a person in such a situation would be forced to commit one wrong to avoid committing another, and be in constant conflict with those whose view of the acts varied. However, there are few legitimate ethical systems in which stealing is more wrong than letting one’s family die. Ethical systems do in fact allow for, and sometimes outline, tradeoffs or priorities in decisions. Some[citation needed] have suggested that international law requires this kind of mechanism to resolve whether World Trade Organization (WTO) or Kyoto Protocol takes precedence in deciding whether a WTO notification is valid. That is, whether nations may use trade mechanisms to complain about climate change measures. As there are few economies that can operate smoothly in a chaotic climate, the dilemma would seem to be easy to resolve, but since fallacious justifications for restricting trade are easily imagined, just as fallacious justifications for theft are easily imagined at the family level, the seemingly obvious resolution becomes clouded by the suspicion of an illegitimate motive. Resolving ethical dilemmas is rarely simple or clearcut and very often involves revisiting similar dilemmas that recur within societies: According to some philosophers and sociologists, e.g. Karl Marx, it is the different life experience of people and the different exposure of them and their families in these roles (the rich constantly robbing the poor, the poor in a position of constant begging and subordination) that creates social class differences. In other words, ethical dilemmas can become political and economic factions that engage in long term recurring struggles. ‘See conflict theory and left-wing politics versus right-wing politics. Design of a voting system, other electoral reform, a criminal justice system, or other high-stakes adversarial process for dispute resolution will almost always reflect the deep persistent struggles involved. However, no amount of good intent and hard work can undo a bad role structure: Roles within structures Where a structural conflict is involved, dilemmas will very often recur. A trivial example is working with a bad operating system whose error messages do not match the problems the user perceives. Each such error presents the user with a dilemma: reboot the machine and continue working at one’s employment or spend time trying to reproduce the problem for the benefit of the developer of the operating system. So role structure sabotages feedback and results in sub-optimal results since provision has been made to actually reward people for reporting these errors and problems. See total quality management for more on addressing this kind of failure and governance on how many ethical and structural conflicts can be resolved with appropriate supervisory mechanisms.

Reading Skills Essay

Reading Reading is the receptive skill in the written mode. It can develop independently of listening and speaking skills, but often develops along with them, especially in societies with a highly-developed literary tradition. Reading can help build vocabulary that helps listening comprehension at the later stages, particularly. Micro-skills involved in reading. The reader has to: †¢ decipher the script. In an alphabetic system or a syllabary, this means establishing a relationship between sounds and symbols. In a pictograph system, it means associating the meaning of the words with written symbols. †¢ recognize vocabulary. †¢ pick out key words, such as those identifying topics and main ideas. †¢ figure out the meaning of the words, including unfamiliar vocabulary, from the (written) context. †¢ recognize grammatical word classes: noun, adjective, etc. †¢ detect sentence constituents, such as subject, verb, object, prepositions, etc. †¢ recognize basic syntactic patterns. †¢ reconstruct and infer situations, goals and participants. †¢ use both knowledge of the world and lexical and grammatical cohesive devices to make the foregoing inferences, predict outcomes, and infer links and connections among the parts of the text. †¢ get the main point or the most important information. †¢ distinguish the main idea from supporting details. †¢ adjust reading strategies to different reading purposes, such as skimming Why is reading skill is so important? Reading is one of the skills most crucial for a child’s success in school and in life. If children don’t learn to read with comprehension early enough, their education is at risk. If they don’t learn to read effortlessly enough to render reading pleasurable, their chances for a fulfilling life–by any measure, whether academic achievement, financial stability or job skills–are tremendously diminished. How to improve reading skill: Teaching reading can be an arduous task as it is often difficult to know how to improve student skills. One of the most obvious, but often unnoticed, points about reading is that there are different types of reading skills. †¢ Skimming – reading rapidly for the main points †¢ Scanning – reading rapidly to find a specific piece of information †¢ Extensive – reading a longer text, often for pleasure with emphasis on overall meaning †¢ Intensive reading – reading a short text for detailed information These different types of skills are used quite naturally when reading in a mother tongue. Unfortunately, when learning a second or foreign language, people tend to employ only â€Å"intensive† style reading skills. I have often noticed that students insist on understanding every word and find it difficult to take my advice of reading for the general idea, or only looking for required information. Students studying a foreign language often feel that if they don’t understand each and every word they are somehow not completing the exercise. In order to make students aware of these different types of reading styles, it is useful to provide an awareness raising lesson to help them identify reading skills they already apply when reading in their native tongues. Thus, when approaching an English text, students should first identify what type of reading skill needs to be applied to the specific text at hand. In this way valuable skills, which students already possess, are easily transferred to their English reading. Outline: †¢ Ask students about what types of reading they do in their own mother tongue(s). †¢ Write different categories of written material on board. i. e. magazines, novels, train schedules, newspapers, advertising, etc. †¢ Have students describe how they go about reading each kind of material. You may want to prompt them by asking the following questions: o Do you read every word in the tv schedule? o Do you understand every word you read when reading a novel? o What kind of clues can the presentation of the material give? o How much time do you spend reading the newspaper? Do you read every single word? o What kind of assumptions do you make when you read the first few lines, or a headline? (i. e. Once upon a time†¦. ) o How much time do you spend reading the various types of materials? †¢ Based on students’ answers to such questions, ask them to identify the type of skills they are using in the various reading situations. †¢ Divide students into small groups and give them the skills summary and short worksheet. †¢ Have students discuss their opinions about the various skills required for the listed materials. †¢ Present various â€Å"real world† materials (i. e. magazines, books, scientific materials, computer manuals etc. ) and ask students to identify the necessary skills required. Reading Styles  Skimming – Reading rapidly for the main points Scanning – Reading rapidly through a text to find specific information required Extensive – Reading longer texts, often for pleasure and for an overall understanding Intensive – Reading shorter texts for detailed information with an emphasis on precise understanding Identify the reading skills required in the following reading situations: †¢ The TV guide for Friday evening †¢ An English grammar book †¢ An article in National Geographic magazine about the Roman Empire †¢ A good friend’s homepage on the Internet †¢ The weather report in your local newspaper †¢ A novel †¢ A poem. †¢ A bus timetable †¢ A fax at the office †¢ An advertising email – so called â€Å"bodyfit† †¢ An email or letter from your best friend †¢ A recipe †¢ A short story by your favourite author Note: There is often not a single correct answer, several choices may be possible according to your reading purpose. If you find that there are different possibilities, state the situation in which you would use the various skills. Developing Reading Skills How many of us remember how we learned to read? Even if we cannot remember how we learned, as parents and educators we can do a lot to help children learn to read and enjoy reading. Reading involves three distinct but intertwined skills: decoding, fluency and comprehension. Decoding is understanding and using sound/letter relationships. Fluency is being able to read quickly and easily. Comprehension is being able to get meaning from the words that have been put together. Comprehension is the point of reading—the reason for reading. But a reader must reach a certain level of decoding and fluency before comprehension can occur. Learning to read involves a constant back-and-forth flow among these three skills. A difficulty in any one of them can cause a breakdown in reading skill. Decoding Decoding means understanding the sounds associated with letter symbols and being able to put them together. A good reading program teaching decoding skills will include phonological awareness activities, blending sounds and segmenting sounds. Phonological awareness is the understanding that words are made up of individual letter/sound combinations. Blending is being able to put those sounds together to â€Å"read† a word. Segmenting is being able to separate a word into individual sounds. In more advanced reading, blending and segmenting will be used to put together or take apart multisyllable words. Some instruction in decoding is useful for all readers to help them read unfamiliar words and also in spelling. Many readers understand the decoding system easily. Those who do not should receive more extensive, direct teaching in these skills. Decoding is what we often associate with phonics and is frequently considered the boring part of learning to read. But it doesn’t need to be. Teachers can help their child with phonics and phonological awareness through word games. Rhyming activities, discussing words with alliterative sounds (â€Å"mean monsters munching mints†) or play games by deleting sounds (say â€Å"clap† without the â€Å"c†) are all ways to help young children become aware of sounds. Having them read or spell nonsense words (such as â€Å"glont† or â€Å"bresk†) can become a game which will help them practice using sounds and learn patterns in the English language Fluency Once a child knows all the sounds, he needs to be able to blend them automatically (or without consciously thinking about it) and speedily to achieve fluency. Fluency is the ability to read smoothly and with expression. Fluency is the bridge between decoding and comprehension. Sometimes children work so hard at decoding each word in a sentence that they cannot remember what they read by the time they reach the end. They lack fluency. Fluency is an area where parents can help since it requires practice and modeling. Reading aloud to your children with expression and enjoyment both before and after they can read themselves, is a good way to model fluency. Once they have learned to read, read aloud collaboratively, taking turns reading a page. Repeated reading is another way to improve fluency, so do not hesitate to read the same books over and over. Comprehension Comprehension is really the end-product, or goal, of reading. We read to gain knowledge and understanding, and we read for pleasure. Each of these requires good comprehension. Many thinking skills and life experiences involve reading comprehension. In addition to speed of decoding and fluency, comprehension has many other components, including knowledge of vocabulary and language usage, background knowledge, memory, sequencing (understanding and remembering events or ideas in the order in which they are presented), visualizing (making a picture in your head as you read) and focusing (maintaining attention and interest). Teachers can have a great impact on a child’s reading comprehension. Again, reading aloud with children will inspire a love of books and reading and will provide vocabulary and language stimulation and background knowledge that will aid them when they begin to read themselves. Children who have dyslexia or a specific learning disability can benefit much more quickly from remediation if they have good listening comprehension. Reading books together gives children a chance to talk about the book, to discuss new facts and explore new ideas. Children can also improve their vocabulary and background knowledge through  discussions and activities with their friends (a trip to the zoo to learn about animals, a walk in the park to talk about kinds of plants). Integrating the Skills These three skills—decoding, fluency, and comprehension—are used continually as children’s reading skills progress. As new phonemes (letter/sound combinations) are added to reading, some children need lots of practice to become fluent with them. As they encounter more difficult words, reading may become less fluent, and the students may need to review or learn new decoding skills. If decoding skills were shaky to begin with, that can become a problem as children encounter more difficult words. Sometimes in middle school, or even high school, a child will have difficulty reading new words, and he will benefit from some instruction in how to break words apart into their syllable parts for reading or spelling. A good reading program will include all three skills. It is important for teachers to understand that reading has several parts and requires many different skills. If a child is having difficulty with reading, he may need some testing or assessment to figure out the problem. A teacher or tutor or academic therapist can then give the child specialized teaching to remediate the problem. Characteristics of Fluent Readers †¢ read with a purpose (to get information or for pleasure) and understand the purpose of different texts (e. g. , ads to encourage buying, editorials to present and influence opinions, recipes to give instructions); †¢ read quickly, automatically recognizing letters and words, maintaining a flow that allows them to make connections and inferences that make the text understandable; †¢ use a variety of strategies, depending on the text, to read efficiently (e. g., varying reading speed, predicting what will happen next, previewing headings and illustrations); †¢ interact with the text, making use of background knowledge as well as the information on the printed page; †¢ evaluate the text critically, determining whether they agree or disagree with the author; †¢ expect to understand the text and get meaning from it; and †¢ usually read silently. Conclusion Much research has been concerned with first language reading and has generated many approaches to teaching reading. However, there is a growing body of literature on both foreign language academic reading and second language reading. All three areas contribute to the understanding of the reading process and have implications for instructional practice. Teachers who are aware of these reading approaches can tailor reading instruction to meet the needs and goals of English language learners. Suggestions for Developing Reading Instruction Knowing what good readers do and comparing this with the strategies used by learners in their classes will enable ESL teachers to gauge learners’ needs. Adult English language learners come with varied reading backgrounds and experiences. Some are fluent readers in their native languages; some are not. Their view of literacy will be influenced by the literacy practices of their culture. Yet, they all will share the experience of learning to read in English, and they will approach reading differently from the way native speakers approach it (Rance-Roney, 1997). The following activities can help learners develop reading proficiency. The choice of activity, however, depends on the needs of the learners, the nature of the text, and the demands of the reading task. Reading Proficiency Activities 1. Because good readers read with a purpose, learners should read texts that meet their needs and are interesting. Teachers can choose texts, or let the learners choose texts, that are relevant to the learners’ lives. They also need to be exposed to texts that they are likely to encounter in everyday life, such as newspapers and magazines, work memos, schedules, and medical instructions. 2. In order to develop automatic recognition skills, learners who are preliterate or literate in a language with a non-Roman alphabet should be given opportunities to develop letter recognition and sound-symbol correspondence skills. This should not be done in isolation, but with familiar texts that they have practiced orally or heard before (Hood et al. , 1996). For example, learners can identify words that begin with a certain sound in a dialogue they know. Learners who are literate in their own language may find phonics instruction unproductive unless differences between their native language and English are pointed out. Spanish speakers, for example, need to know that the letter â€Å"a† can express more than one sound in English. Vocabulary development also plays a role in automaticity. In texts where vocabulary may not be familiar, teachers can introduce key vocabulary in prereading activities that focus on language awareness, such as finding synonyms, antonyms, derivatives, or associated words (Hood et al. , 1996). Modified cloze exercises, where examples of the target structure (e. g. , prepositions) are deleted from a text and learners fill in as many blanks as they can, are also helpful. 3. Using appropriate strategies for various reading tasks increases comprehension, but acquiring an array of strategies is a long and difficult process (Grabe, 1995). Nevertheless, such strategies as skimming for the main idea, scanning for specific information, predicting what a text is about or what will happen next, and making use of the context and illustrations to discover word meanings are critical for English language learners beyond the beginning level. 4. Prereading activities that introduce the text encourage learners to use their background knowledge (Eskey, 1997). Class members can brainstorm ideas about the meaning of a title or an illustration and discuss what they know. The teacher can highlight cultural assumptions inherent in the writing. Awareness of various text types and their styles (advertisements, recipes, editorials) is also helpful. 5. Evaluating texts for implicit values and assumptions is another important reading skill. Reading texts that present different opinions or different descriptions of the same situation help develop an awareness of how language reflects values (Hood et al. , 1996). Texts that present an issue without presenting a solution, such as â€Å"Dear Abby† letters (without the replies), can lead to discussion and writing about differing points of view (Auerbach, 1992). 6. Good readers expect to understand what they are reading. Therefore, texts should contain words and grammatical structures familiar to the learners (Eskey, 1997). However, it is not always easy to find texts that are both understandable and interesting for adult English language learners to read. Authentic reading material can often be found by the learners themselves, who have written pieces to share with each other. 7. Extensive reading for a sustained, uninterrupted period of time is not only valuable for developing vocabulary but is also an important way to develop reading proficiency and language acquisition in general (Grabe, 1991; Krashen, 1993). In class, learners can engage in Sustained Silent Reading (SSR) of materials they have chosen themselves. They can be encouraged to read outside of class by maintaining (and periodically turning in) reading logs that list what they have read and by making one- to three-minute oral presentations recommending a book, story, or article to their classmates (Dupuy, Tse, & Cook, 1996). Conclusion Much research has been concerned with first language reading and has generated many approaches to teaching reading. However, there is a growing body of literature on both foreign language academic reading and second language reading. All three areas contribute to the understanding of the reading process and have implications for instructional practice. Teachers who are aware of these reading approaches can tailor reading instruction to meet the needs and goals of English language learners. AN APPROACH TO A READING LESSON STAGE 1: Check understanding of ‘essential’ vocabulary. (Do you think it is necessary or desirable for your students to understand all the vocabulary) AIM: For students to understand the meaning of words essential to the completion of set tasks. STAGE 2: Establish interest in the topic through discussion based on the topic or prediction. AIM: To generate students’ interest in the topic of the text. (These two stages are necessary to prepare the students for the reading skills. ) STAGE 3: Set atleast two different reading tasks. Give the easier task(questions), first to build confidence. This would be task which require scan reading. AIM: For students to have practice in scan reading skills. STAGE 4: Provide a task.